Melasma is a common condition characterized by patches of brown or gray-brown discoloration, typically appearing on the cheeks, forehead, nose, and upper lip. The condition arises when melanocytes, the skin cells that produce pigment, create excess melanin in concentrated areas. Hormonal changes, sun exposure, and genetic predisposition are primary triggers, though melasma can develop in anyone with prolonged UV exposure. It is more prevalent in people with darker skin types and those living in sunny climates. Unlike some pigmentation concerns, melasma tends to persist and requires consistent management to prevent recurrence or deepening.